[{"name":"noormets-2022-kronebreen-1","title":"Subaerial and submarine frontal morphology of Kronebreen, Svalbard, 24 August 2016","summary":"The dataset consists of two profiles of the frontal morphology of Kronebreen, Svalbard, measured on 24 August 2016. The data was recorded using LiDAR (above the waterline) and multibeam (below the waterline).\r\n\r\nProfile 1 corresponds to the location of a subglacial plume, where frontal melt rates are expected to be high. Profile 2 does not correspond to the location of a subglacial plume. These profiles can be used to look at the frontal geometry of a calving glacier and, when compared to each other, give a sense of how the calving front morphology can vary across a glacier. When using both the LiDAR and multibeam data, information on undercut sizes can be gleaned.\r\n\r\nThe data is presented as four comma-separated values files. Each profile consists of two files, one for the LiDAR data and one for the multibeam data.","citations":"","comments":"The Riegl VZ-6000 LiDAR is equipped with a long-range near-infrared laser and calculates the distance to an object using the time-of-flight principle. For the data presented here, a pulse repetition rate (PRR) of 50 kHz was used, with both the horizontal and vertical angular resolution at 0.0045 degrees. The effective resolution was around 80 cm in the horizontal direction and around 30 cm in the vertical direction as a result of poor meteorological conditions, a complex survey geometry, and poor reflection from the ice cliff. According to the manufacturer, the LiDAR has a distance accuracy of 10 mm and precision of 15 mm at a range of 150 m. No laser return was obtained at the waterline due to greatly reduced near-infrared reflectivity as a consequence of water action and water spray. Overall, based on previously published surveys of the ice cliffs, we conservatively estimate the measurement uncertainty at 30 cm.\r\n\r\nSubmarine parts of the glacier face were mapped using a Kongsberg\u2019s EM2040 multibeam echosounder mounted on a small, 15-m research vessel \u201cViking Explorer\u201d. The EM2040 is a wide band high resolution shallow water mutibeam echosounder with one 0.4\u00b0 wide transmit beam and 256 0.7\u00b0 wide receiver beams. The echosounder was operated at 200 kHz frequency with sampling frequency varying usually between 5\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u206010 Hz being limited by water depth. The range resolution varyed depending on the pulse type used but was usually within 1\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602 cm. The EM2040 was coupled with Kongsberg\u2019s Seapath 330+ Global Navigation and Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and Motion Reference Units (MRU). Positioning was aided by a local Real Time Kinematic (RTK) reference station placed on a nearby coastal area resulting in a positioning accuracy of better than 10 cm.\r\n\r\nThe data presented here were part of the data collected during the project [Glacier dynamic ice loss quantified through seismic eyes (CalvingSEIS)](https:\/\/www.researchinsvalbard.no\/project\/20000000-0000-0000-0000-000000008031\/project-info) (PI: Christopher Nuth) funded by the Research Council of Norway. The data are also related to the project [Tidewater glacier marginal environments and processes](https:\/\/www.researchinsvalbard.no\/project\/20000000-0000-0000-0000-000000009930\/project-info) (PI: Riko Noormets).\r\n\r\nThe LiDAR data was mapped by Micha\u0142 P\u0119tlicki. The Multibeam data was collected by Riko Noormets and Nina Kirchner.\r\n\r\n##### Data creators' affiliations\r\n\r\nRiko Noormets: Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, \r\nNorway.\r\n\r\nMicha\u0142 P\u0119tlicki: Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Cracow, Poland.\r\n\r\nNina Kirchner: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Sweden.\r\n\r\n\r\n","category":"Marine","subcategory":"Glaciers","keywords":"Svalbard; Glacier; Multibeam; Calving front morphology","scientist":"Riko Noormets, Micha\u0142 P\u0119tlicki, Nina Kirchner","firstname":"Riko","lastname":"Noormets","address":"Department of Arctic Geology; University Centre in Svalbard","postalcode":"N-9171","city":"Longyearbyen","province":"Svalbard","country":"Norway","parameters":"Earth science > Cryosphere > Glaciers\/ice sheets > Glaciers","location":"Ocean > Atlantic Ocean > North Atlantic Ocean > Svalbard And Jan Mayen","progress":"Completed","language":"English","project":"Glacier dynamic ice loss quantified through seismic eyes (CalvingSEIS) (RiS ID 10466, PI Christopher Nuth) and Tidewater glacier marginal environments and processes (RiS ID 11786, PI Riko Noormets).","publisher":"Bolin Centre Database","version":"1","constrains":"","access":""}]