[{"name":"stockholm-historical-cloud-amount-1","title":"Stockholm Historical Weather Observations \u2014 Sub-daily cloud amount since 1756","summary":"Weather observations have been made continuously at the old astronomical observatory in Stockholm since 1754. The dataset provided here contains estimated cloud amount three times per day for the period 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018.\r\n\r\nCloud amount and cloud types have been observed in several different ways through time, but the different observation routines are not always well documented. \r\n\r\nThis dataset consists of crude estimates of cloud amount for the period 1756\u2060\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1858, based on interpretation of the reported observations, and observed cloud amount values for the period 1859\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602018.","citations":"Moberg A. 1998: Meteorological observations in Sweden made before A.D. 1860. Pal\u00e4oklimaforschung\/Palaeoclimate Research 23: 99\u2013119.\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Alexandersson H, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Jones PD. 2003: Were Southern Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured? Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1495\u20131521 (Sections 3\u20134 and Appendix A). DOI:10.1002\/joc.945","comments":"The observation site is included in the national station network managed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), with station number 98210 (manual station) and 98230 (automatic station), but data in the current dataset can differ from those in the SMHI database.\r\n\r\n\r\nA description of the various procedures used for observing cloud types and\/or cloud amounts is provided in Appendix A of Moberg et al. (2003). Those authors made an attempt to produce a homogenized record of cloud amount, but they concluded that only data after 1950 can be considered as homogeneous and thus having a reliable long-term trend.\r\n\r\n\r\nDigitized cloud observation values, three times per day, are provided here for eight separate time periods having different scales for representing cloud amount. These different scales correspond to the different categories used in Table X of Appendix A in Moberg et al. (2003), given in Swedish original terms (and approximate English translations) as follows:\r\n\r\n\r\n1756-01-01 to 1784-06-01\r\n\r\n1 = Klart\r\n    (Clear)\r\n\r\n2 = Str\u00f6moln, dunkelt, t\u00f6knigt, eller r\u00f6k\r\n    (Scattered clouds, gloomy, misty, or haze)\r\n\r\n3 = Mulet, dimba, regn, urv\u00e4der, eller sn\u00f6\r\n    (Cloudy, fog, rain, stormy weather, or snow)\r\n\r\n\r\n1784-06-02 to 1815-12-31\r\n\r\n1 = Klar himmel\r\n    (Clear sky)\r\n\r\n2 = Ganska glesa moln, eller himmelen n\u00e4stan klar\r\n    (Rather sparse clouds, or almost clear sky)\r\n\r\n3 = Glesa moln\r\n    (Sparse clouds)\r\n\r\n4 = Himmelen half mulen\r\n    (Half cloudy sky)\r\n\r\n5 = Himmelen n\u00e4stan helt mulen\r\n    (Almost completely cloudy sky)\r\n\r\n6 = Himmelen \u00d6fver allt mulen, dimba, r\u00e4gn, eller sn\u00f6\r\n    (Completely cloudy sky, fog, rain, or snow)\r\n\r\n\r\n1816-01-01 to 1841-06-30\r\n\r\n1 = Klart\r\n    (Clear)\r\n\r\n2 = Halvklart\r\n    (Half clear)\r\n\r\n3 = Str\u00f6moln\r\n    (Scattered clouds)\r\n\r\n4 = Mulet, eller dimma\r\n    (Cloudy, or fog)\r\n\r\n\r\n1841-07-01 to 1858-12-31\r\n\r\n1 = Klart\r\n    (Clear)\r\n\r\n2 = Mest klart\r\n    (Mostly clear)\r\n\r\n3 = Halvklart\r\n    (Half clear)\r\n\r\n4 = Str\u00f6moln\r\n    (Scattered clouds)\r\n\r\n5 = Mest mulet\r\n    (Mostly cloudy)\r\n\r\n6 = Mulet\r\n    (Cloudy)\r\n\r\n\r\n1859-01-01 to 1872-12-31\r\n\r\nCloud amount in fourths (0\u20134)\r\n\r\n\r\n1873-01-01 to 1960-12-31\r\n\r\nCloud amount in tenths (0\u201310)\r\n\r\n\r\n1961-01-01 to 2012-12-31\r\n\r\nCloud amount in oktas (0\u20138). \r\nNote, the code '9' is also used and denotes fog.\r\n\r\n\r\n2013-01-01 to 2018-12-31\r\n\r\nCloud amount in hundredths (0\u2013100).\r\n\r\n\r\nObservation times for all morning, noon and evening observations are provided in a separate dataset. \r\n\r\n\r\nBefore June 1784, observations of clouds were reported as a rather continous development of the appearance of sky during the entire day and night. Thus, the indicated observation times before June 1784 are only very crude estimates for cloud observation times in the morning, noon and evening. A discussion of how the three daily cloud amount values were selected is found in Moberg et al. (2003).\r\n\r\n\r\nOriginal data sources used to produce this dataset:\r\n\r\n1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1858: Handwritten observation journals from the archive of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. \r\n\r\n1859\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1861: Handwritten observation journals from the archive of the SMHI.\r\n\r\n1862\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1960: Printed tables in the meteorological year-books \"Meteorologiska Iakttagelser i Sverige\", published by the SMHI or its predecessors.\r\n\r\n1961\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2012: Computer files provided by the SMHI through personal contacts.\r\n\r\n2013\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018: Data files downloaded from the SMHI resource \u00d6ppna Data, subject to subsequent checking and correction for errors.","category":"Atmosphere","subcategory":"Weather observations","keywords":"Cloud amount; Daily data; Early instrumental data; Sweden; Stockholm","scientist":"Anders Moberg","firstname":"Anders","lastname":"Moberg","address":"Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University","postalcode":"SE-106 91","city":"Stockholm","province":"","country":"Sweden","parameters":"Earth science > Atmosphere > Clouds > Cloud properties > Cloud fraction","location":"Continent > Europe > Northern Europe > Scandinavia > Sweden","progress":"Completed","language":"English","project":"Digitization of cloud observation data until 1998 was undertaken as part of the project IMPROVE \u2014 Improved Understanding of Past Climatic Variability from Early Daily European Instrumental Sources. Project funding: EU 4th Framework Programme, 1998-1999. Contract: ENV4-CT97-0511. Co-ordinator: Dario Camuffo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Padova, Italy. PI at Stockholm University: Anders Moberg. Development of sub-daily cloud amount data files until 2000 was made by Anders Moberg as part of a project funded by the Office of Science, US Department of Energy, under grant no. DE-FG02-98ER62601. PI: Philip Jones, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK.","publisher":"Bolin Centre Database","version":"1","constrains":"None","access":"Free"}]