[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Dataset","identifier":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17043\/stockholm-historical-monthly-temperature-3","@id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17043\/stockholm-historical-monthly-temperature-3","name":"Stockholm Historical Weather Observations \u2014 Monthly mean air temperatures since 1756","description":"Data for monthly mean air temperatures at the old astronomical observatory in Stockholm from 1756 until 2020 are provided. The dataset also contains annual mean temperatures and seasonal means for winter, spring, summer and autumn.\r\n\r\nThree variants of the data are available: (1) non-homogenized monthly mean temperatures, as estimated from the local temperature observations, (2) homogenized monthly mean temperatures, adjusted after 1870 to remove the urban warming effect on the observed temperatures, and (3) homogenized monthly mean temperatures with an additional adjustment applied to data for May\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200aAugust in the period before 1859, to eliminate a supposed warm bias of the observed temperatures due to exposure of thermometers to radiation.\r\n\r\nIn the 18th century, the weather observations were made by astronomers as a part of their studies of the universe. Today, the observation site in Stockholm is a weather station within the national station network managed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).","url":"http:\/\/bolin.su.se\/data\/stockholm-historical-monthly-temperature-3","keywords":["Atmosphere","Weather observations","Air temperature","Monthly data","Early instrumental data","Homogenized data","Sweden","Stockholm","Earth science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric temperature > Surface temperature > Air temperature"],"creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Anders Moberg"},"citation":"Moberg A, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Daily air temperature and pressure series for Stockholm (1756\u2060\u2013\u20601998). Climatic Change 53: 171\u2060\u2013\u2060212. DOI:10.1023\/A:1014966724670\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Alexandersson H, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Jones PD. 2003: Were Southern Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured? Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1495\u2060\u2013\u20601521. DOI:10.1002\/joc.945\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Tuomenvirta H, Nordli \u00d8. 2005: Recent climatic trends. In: Physical Geography of Fennoscandia. (Ed: Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 M). Oxford Regional Environments Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 113\u2060\u2013\u2060133","license":"https:\/\/opendatacommons.org\/licenses\/by\/","isAccessibleForFree":true,"includedInDataCatalog":{"@type":"DataCatalog","name":"Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University","identifier":"https:\/\/bolin.su.se\/data\/","url":"https:\/\/bolin.su.se\/data\/"},"distribution":{"@type":"DataDownload","encodingFormat":"application\/zip","contentUrl":"https:\/\/bolin.su.se\/data\/uploads\/stockholm-historical-temps-monthly-3.zip"},"size":48138,"isBasedOn":"Moberg A, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Daily air temperature and pressure series for Stockholm (1756\u2060\u2013\u20601998). Climatic Change 53: 171\u2060\u2013\u2060212. DOI:10.1023\/A:1014966724670\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Alexandersson H, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Jones PD. 2003: Were Southern Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured? Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1495\u2060\u2013\u20601521. DOI:10.1002\/joc.945\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Tuomenvirta H, Nordli \u00d8. 2005: Recent climatic trends. In: Physical Geography of Fennoscandia. (Ed: Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 M). Oxford Regional Environments Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 113\u2060\u2013\u2060133","temporalCoverage":"1756-01-01\/1756-01-01"}]