README_stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature.txt

This file describes the contents of three files containing different versions
of monthly mean temperatures at the Stockholm Old Astronomical Observatory
(59.35N, 18.05E) 1756-2017.

Contact person:

Anders Moberg
Department of Physical Geography
Stockholm University
SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
anders.moberg@natgeo.su.se

2018-02-06


References:

Moberg A, Bergström H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Daily air temperature 
and pressure series for Stockholm (1756-1998). Climatic Change 53: 171-212

Moberg A, Alexandersson H, Bergström H, Jones PD. 2003: Were Southern Swedish 
summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured? 
Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1495-1521

Project:

IMPROVE - Improved Understanding of Past Climatic Variability from Early Daily 
European Instrumental Sources. EU 4th Framework Programme. Contract
ENV4-CT97-0511. 1998-1999. Co-ordinator: Dario Camuffo, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Padova, Italy.
PI at Stockholm University: Anders Moberg


--- File list ---

stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_nonhom.txt
stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_hom.txt
stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_hom_eadj.txt

Each file is a plain ascii file with 14 columns:

Column 1: Year
Column 2-13: Monthly mean temperature for January through December (Unit: degC)
Column 14: Annual mean temperature (Unit: degC)

--- File content ---

stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_nonhom.txt

	Monthly mean temperatures with account taken for changes in 
	observation hours, but without any homogenization or adjustement for
	known or supposed instrumental biases.

stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_hom.txt

	Monthly mean temperatures with homogenization after 1870, essentially 
	for the urban warming trend, and with adjustments in 1756, 1763 for
	missing or poor observations and in 1819-1825 for a probably incorrectly
	calibrated thermometer. As derived from the daily mean temperatures
	derived by Moberg et al. (2002)

stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_hom_eadj.txt

	Monthly mean temperatures as in 
	stockholm_monthly_mean_temperature_1756_2017_hom.txt, but with an
	additional adjustment before September 1858 to account for a supposed
	warm bias of May-August temperatures (see Moberg et al. 2003). The
	adjustment is -0.3 degC in May and August, and -0.7 degC in 
	June and July.

The daily mean temperatures that were used to produce the monthly mean 
temperatures are found in the directory ~/temperature/daily/

Data from 2013 and later are based on observations recorded by the automatic weather station.