Earth system model simulations of 2012 to 2018 for studying vegetation-aerosol-cloud feedback

Sara Blichner, Eemeli Holopainen, Emanuele Tovazzi and Carl Svenhag

This dataset contains model output from global earth system models NorESM, UKESM, EC-Earth and ECHAM-SALSA. The simulations are Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) style historical simulations from 2012 to 2014, and scenarios for 2015 to 2018. Nudging to ERA-Interrim reanalysis data is applied in all simulations. The output is on hourly to 3 hourly resolution.

The data provided is a subset of the model output with time series of selected variables for the grid cell covering covering the measurement stations SMEAR-II, Finland and ATTO, Brazil and grids of selected 2D and 3D variables surrounding these stations.

The data was generated to evaluate model representation of a potential feedback going from biogenic volatile organic compounds to aerosol formation to impact on cloud properties. It thus contains detailed aerosol information, cloud properties etc. for the three models.

Citation

Sara Blichner, Eemeli Holopainen, Emanuele Tovazzi and Carl Svenhag (2024) Earth system model simulations of 2012 to 2018 for studying vegetation-aerosol-cloud feedback. Dataset version 2. Bolin Centre Database. https://doi.org/10.17043/blichner-2023-bvoc-aerosol-2

References

Blichner SM, Yli-Juuti T, Mielonen T, Pöhlker C, Holopainen E, Heikkinen L, Mohr C, Artaxo P, Carbone S, Meller BB, Quaresma Dias-Júnior C, Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Scott CE, Svenhag C, Nieradzik L, Sporre M, Partridge DG, Tovazzi E, Virtanen A, Kokkola H, Riipinen I (2024) Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models. Nature Communications 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45001-y

Kokkola, H., Kühn, T., Laakso, A., Bergman, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mielonen, T., Arola, A., Stadtler, S., Korhonen, H., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., Neubauer, D., Tegen, I., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Schultz, M. G., Bey, I., Stier, P., Daskalakis, N., Heald, C. L., & Romakkaniemi, S. (2018). SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0. Geoscientific Model Development, 11(9), 3833–3863. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3833-2018

van Noije, T., Bergman, T., Le Sager, P., O’Donnell, D., Makkonen, R., Gonçalves-Ageitos, M., Döscher, R., Fladrich, U., von Hardenberg, J., Keskinen, J.-P., Korhonen, H., Laakso, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Ollinaho, P., Pérez García-Pando, C., Reerink, T., Schrödner, R., Wyser, K., & Yang, S. (2021). EC-Earth3-AerChem: a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(9), 5637–5668. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021

Seland, Ø., Bentsen, M., Olivié, D., Toniazzo, T., Gjermundsen, A., Graff, L. S., Debernard, J. B., Gupta, A. K., He, Y.-C., Kirkevåg, A., Schwinger, J., Tjiputra, J., Aas, K. S., Bethke, I., Fan, Y., Griesfeller, J., Grini, A., Guo, C., Ilicak, M., … Schulz, M. (2020). Overview of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 DECK, historical, and scenario simulations. Geoscientific Model Development, 13(12), 6165–6200. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020

Sellar, A. A., Jones, C. G., Mulcahy, J. P., Tang, Y., Yool, A., Wiltshire, A., O’Connor, F. M., Stringer, M., Hill, R., Palmieri, J., Woodward, S., de Mora, L., Kuhlbrodt, T., Rumbold, S. T., Kelley, D. I., Ellis, R., Johnson, C. E., Walton, J., Abraham, N. L., … Zerroukat, M. (2019). UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(12), 4513–4558. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739

Data description

Correction

Due to a postprocessing error, the particle number concentrations in UKESM have been mistakenly multiplied by a factor of three. To get the correct numbers, these should therefore be divided by 3. This is true for the following UKESM varables:

• nconcNS
• nconcKS
• nconcKI
• nconcAS
• nconcCS

The dataset contains NetCDF files, it is 103 GB in size and contains the following directory structure.

extracted_latlon_subset

Contains data on an area around each measurement station (SMEAR-II and ATTO) provided as gridded data on a gaussian grid. The data is organised by the following directory and file name conventions.

• Directories [model]/[case]
• Files [case]_[start]_[stop]_[variable]_concat_subs_[west]-[east]_[south]-[north].nc
  • The labels are described under further information below.
  • The variable is only applicable for the models UKESM and ECHAM-SALSA that outputs one file per variable while the other models outputs all variables in the same file.
  • The string concat_subs is referring to that the files are concatenated using a subset of the grid.

collocated_ds

Contains datasets for the stations, with column data for single grid cells closest (nearest neighbour) to the stations: The ATTO Tower in the Amazon rainforest and the SMEAR-II station in the boreal forest. The data is organised by the following directory and file name conventions:

• Directories [model]/[case]
• Files [variable]_[case]_[start]_[stop]_hour_locations.nc

NorESM_clm

Contains land model output specifically for NorESM.

Further information

[model]/[case]

For all except NorESM, there is only one case per model as following.

• EC-Earth/ECE3_output_Sara
• ECHAM-SALSA/SALSA_BSOA_feedback
• UKESM/AEROCOMTRAJ
• NorESM/OsloAero_intBVOC_f09_f09_mg17_full for the time period 2012 – 2015
• NorESM/OsloAero_intBVOC_f09_f09_mg17_ssp245 for 2015 – 2018

[variable]

An overview over the variables in the data is listed in the exandable lists below as well is given as a table file named variable_overview.csv for each data directory (extracted_latlon_subset, collocated_ds, NorESM_clm) and model.

• extracted_latlon_subset/NorESM_clm
  • ABSVIS Aerosol absorptive optical depth at 0.442-0.625um [1]
  • ACTNL Average Cloud Top droplet number [m⁻³] Must be divided by FCTL to get in-cloud
  • ACTREI Average Cloud Top ice effective radius [μm] Must be divided by FCTI to get in-cloud
  • ACTREL Average Cloud Top droplet effective radius [μm] Must be divided by FCTL to get in-cloud
  • AEROD_v Total Aerosol Optical Depth in visible band [1]
  • AREL Average droplet effective radius [μm] Must be divided by FREQL to get in-cloud value
  • ASYMMDRY Dry asymmetry factor in visible wavelength band [1]
  • AWNC Average cloud water number conc [m⁻³] Must be divided by FREQL to get in-cloud value
  • AOD_VIS Aerosol optical depth at 0.442-0.625um [1]
  • BC_A BC_A concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_AC BC_AC concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_AI BC_AI concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_AX BC_AX concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_N BC_N concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_NI BC_NI concentration [kg/kg]
  • BETOTVIS Aerosol 3d extinction at 0.442-0.625 [1/km]
  • BS550AER aerosol backscatter coefficient [m⁻¹ sr⁻¹]
  • CCN1 CCN concentration at S=0.02% [#/cm³]
  • CCN2 CCN concentration at S=0.05% [#/cm³]
  • CCN3 CCN concentration at S=0.1% [#/cm³]
  • CCN4 CCN concentration at S=0.15% [#/cm³]
  • CCN5 CCN concentration at S=0.2% [#/cm³]
  • CCN6 CCN concentration at S=0.5% [#/cm³]
  • CCN7 CCN concentration at S=1.0% [#/cm³]
  • CCN_B Average Cloud Top liquid CCN (Bennartz) [m⁻³]
  • CDNUMC Vertically-integrated droplet concentration [1/m²]
  • CLDFREE Cloud free fraction wrt CAODVIS and CABSVIS [1]
  • CLDTOT Vertically-integrated total cloud [fraction]
  • COAGNUCL Coagulation sink for nucleating particles [s⁻¹]
  • D500_BC BC aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_DU mineral aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_POM OC aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_SO4 SO4 aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_SS sea-salt aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • DAERH2O Aerosol water load [mg/m²]
  • DER Effective aerosol dry radius [μm]
  • DERGT05 Effective aerosol dry radius>0.5um [μm]
  • DERLT05 Effective aerosol dry radius<0.5um [μm]
  • DMS DMS concentration [mol/mol]
  • DOD440 Aerosol optical depth at 440nm [1]
  • DOD500 Aerosol optical depth at 500nm [1]
  • DOD550 Aerosol optical depth at 550nm [1]
  • DOD670 Aerosol optical depth at 670nm [1]
  • DOD870 Aerosol optical depth at 870nm [1]
  • DST_A2 DST_A2 concentration [kg/kg]
  • DST_A3 DST_A3 concentration [kg/kg]
  • EC550AER aerosol extinction coefficient [m⁻¹]
  • FCTI Fractional occurrence of cloud top ice [fraction]
  • FCTL Fractional occurrence of cloud top liquid [fraction]
  • FLNS Net longwave flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FLNSC Clearsky net longwave flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FLNT Net longwave flux at top of model [W/m²]
  • FLNTCDRF Clear sky total column longwave flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FLNT_DRF Total column longwave flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FLUS LW surface upwelling flux [W/m²]
  • FLUTC Clearsky upwelling longwave flux at top of model [W/m²]
  • FORMRATE Formation rate of 12nm particles [#/cm³/s]
  • FREQI Fractional occurrence of ice [fraction]
  • FREQL Fractional occurrence of liquid [fraction]
  • FSDSCDRF SW downwelling clear sky flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSDS_DRF SW downelling flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSNS Net solar flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSNSC Clearsky net solar flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSNT Net solar flux at top of model [W/m²]
  • FSNTCDRF Clear sky total column absorbed solar flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FSNT_DRF Total column absorbed solar flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FSUS_DRF SW upwelling flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSUTADRF SW upwelling flux at TOA [W/m²]
  • GR Growth rate, H2SO4+SOA [nm/hour]
  • GRH2SO4 Growth rate H2SO4 [nm/hour]
  • GRIDAREA Grid area for 1.9x2.5 horizontal resolution [m²]
  • GRSOA Growth rate from SOA nucleating particles [nm/hour]
  • H2SO4 H2SO4 concentration [mol/mol]
  • MMR_AH2O Aerosol water mmr [kg/kg]
  • NCONC01 number concentration mode 01 [#/m³]
  • NCONC02 number concentration mode 02 [#/m³]
  • NCONC03 number concentration mode 03 [#/m³]
  • NCONC04 number concentration mode 04 [#/m³]
  • NCONC05 number concentration mode 05 [#/m³]
  • NCONC06 number concentration mode 06 [#/m³]
  • NCONC07 number concentration mode 07 [#/m³]
  • NCONC08 number concentration mode 08 [#/m³]
  • NCONC09 number concentration mode 09 [#/m³]
  • NCONC10 number concentration mode 10 [#/m³]
  • NCONC11 number concentration mode 11 [#/m³]
  • NCONC12 number concentration mode 12 [#/m³]
  • NCONC13 number concentration mode 13 [#/m³]
  • NCONC14 number concentration mode 14 [#/m³]
  • NMR01 number median radius mode 01 [m]
  • NMR02 number median radius mode 02 [m]
  • NMR03 number median radius mode 03 [m]
  • NMR04 number median radius mode 04 [m]
  • NMR05 number median radius mode 05 [m]
  • NMR06 number median radius mode 06 [m]
  • NMR07 number median radius mode 07 [m]
  • NMR08 number median radius mode 08 [m]
  • NMR09 number median radius mode 09 [m]
  • NMR10 number median radius mode 10 [m]
  • NMR11 number median radius mode 11 [m]
  • NMR12 number median radius mode 12 [m]
  • NMR13 number median radius mode 13 [m]
  • NMR14 number median radius mode 14 [m]
  • NNAT_0 Aerosol mode 0 number concentration [1/cm³]
  • NUCLRATE Nucleation rate [#/cm³/s]
  • OD550DRY Dry aerosol optical depth at 550nm [1]
  • OM_AC OM_AC concentration [kg/kg]
  • OM_AI OM_AI concentration [kg/kg]
  • OM_NI OM_NI concentration [kg/kg]
  • P0 reference pressure [Pa]
  • PM25 Aerosol PM2.5 [ug/m³]
  • PM2P5 3D aerosol PM2.5 [ug/m³]
  • PMTOT Aerosol PM, all sizes [ug/m³]
  • PS Surface pressure [Pa]
  • RHW Relative humidity with respect to liquid [percent]
  • SFisoprene isoprene surface flux [kg/m²/s]
  • SFmonoterp monoterp surface flux [kg/m²/s]
  • SIGMA01 Std. dev. mode 01 [1]
  • SIGMA02 Std. dev. mode 02 [1]
  • SIGMA03 Std. dev. mode 03 [1]
  • SIGMA04 Std. dev. mode 04 [1]
  • SIGMA05 Std. dev. mode 05 [1]
  • SIGMA06 Std. dev. mode 06 [1]
  • SIGMA07 Std. dev. mode 07 [1]
  • SIGMA08 Std. dev. mode 08 [1]
  • SIGMA09 Std. dev. mode 09 [1]
  • SIGMA10 Std. dev. mode 10 [1]
  • SIGMA11 Std. dev. mode 11 [1]
  • SIGMA12 Std. dev. mode 12 [1]
  • SIGMA13 Std. dev. mode 13 [1]
  • SIGMA14 Std. dev. mode 14 [1]
  • SO2 SO2 concentration [mol/mol]
  • SO4_A1 SO4_A1 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_A2 SO4_A2 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_AC SO4_AC concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_NA SO4_NA concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_PR SO4_PR concentration [kg/kg]
  • SOA_A1 SOA_A1 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SOA_LV SOA_LV concentration [mol/mol]
  • SOA_NA SOA_NA concentration [kg/kg]
  • SOA_SV SOA_SV concentration [mol/mol]
  • SS_A1 SS_A1 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SS_A2 SS_A2 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SS_A3 SS_A3 concentration [kg/kg]
  • T Temperature [K]
  • TGCLDCWP Total grid-box cloud water path (liquid and ice) [kg/m²]
  • TGCLDIWP Total grid-box cloud ice water path [kg/m²]
  • TGCLDLWP Total grid-box cloud liquid water path [kg/m²]
  • TOT_CLD_VISTAU Total gbx cloud extinction visible sw optical depth [1]
  • TOT_ICLD_VISTAU Total in-cloud extinction visible sw optical depth [1]
  • U Zonal wind [m/s]
  • V Meridional wind [m/s]
  • gw latitude weights [1]
  • hyai hybrid A coefficient at layer interfaces [1]
  • hyam hybrid A coefficient at layer midpoints [1]
  • hybi hybrid B coefficient at layer interfaces [1]
  • hybm hybrid B coefficient at layer midpoints [1]
  • isoprene isoprene concentration [mol/mol]
  • monoterp monoterp concentration [mol/mol]
• extracted_latlon_subset/ECHAM-SALSA
  • airdens air density [kg m⁻³]
  • tempair air_temperature [K]
  • uw eastward wind [m s⁻¹]
  • vw northward wind [m s⁻¹]
  • ccn02 CCN 0.2 percent super saturation [m⁻³]
  • ccn10 CCN 1.0 percent super saturation [m⁻³]
  • cod cloud optical thickness [1]
  • cwp cloud liquid water path [kg m⁻²]
  • ceff in-cloud droplet effective radius [m]
  • ceff_ct cloud droplet effective radius cloud top [μm]
  • lcdnc Liquid cloud droplet number concentration [m⁻³]
  • lcdnc_ct Liquid cloud droplet number concentration cloud top [cm⁻³]
  • clfr cloud fraction [1]
  • cl_time cloud time [1]
  • aot550nm AOT total 550 nm [1]
  • up_sw TOA upward shortwave flux [W m⁻²]
  • up_sw_cs TOA upward shortwave flux clear sky [W m⁻²]
  • up_sw_noa TOA upward shortwave flux no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • up_sw_cs_noa TOA upward shortwave flux clear sky no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw TOA upward longwave flux [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw_cs TOA upward longwave flux clear sky [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw_noa TOA upward longwave flux no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw_cs_noa TOA upward longwave flux clear sky no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • emi_monot_bio Emissions of biogenic monoterpenes [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
  • emi_isop_bio Emissions of biogenic isoprene [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
  • ORG_mass Total organic aerosol mass mixing ratio [kg kg⁻¹]
• extracted_latlon_subset/EC-Earth
  • var130 Temperature [K]
  • var176 Surface net solar radiation [J m⁻²]
  • var177 Surface net thermal radiation [J m⁻²]
  • var208 Top net solar radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • var210 Surface net solar radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • var211 Surface net thermal radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • var70 Surface net solar radiation, clear sky, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var71 Surface net solar radiation, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var73 Top net thermal radiation, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var74 Surface net thermal radiation, clear sky, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var75 Surface net thermal radiation, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var78 Total column cloud liquid water [kg m⁻²]
  • var79 Total column cloud ice water [kg m⁻²]
  • var136 Total column water [kg m⁻²]
  • var137 Total column vertically-integrated water vapour [kg m⁻²]
  • var164 Total cloud cover [1]
  • var178 Top net solar radiation [J m⁻²]
  • var179 Top net thermal radiation [J m⁻²]
  • var20 Cloud Droplet Number Concentration [cm⁻³]
  • var21 effective radius liquid [μm]
  • var22 cloud time [1]
  • var248 Fraction of cloud cover [1]
  • var68 Top net solar radiation, clear sky, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var69 Top net solar radiation, clean sky [J m⁻²]
• extracted_latlon_subset/UKESM
  • Temp Temperature [K]
  • SFisoprene Emissions isoprene [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
  • SFterpene Emissions isoprene [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
  • Reff_2d_distrib_x_weight 2D field r_eff distribution x weight [μm] Must be divided by weight_Reff_2d_distrib
  • Reff_2d_x_weight_warm_cloud 2D field r_eff distribution x weight warm clouds [μm] Must be divided by weight_Reff_2d
  • area_cloud_fraction_in_each_layer Area Cloud Fraction in each layer [1]
  • bulk_cloud_fraction_in_each_layer Bulk Cloud Fraction in each layer [1]
  • cloud_ice_content_after_ls_precip cloud ice content after large scale precipitation [kg m⁻³]
  • dry_rho air density dry [kg m⁻³]
  • frozen_cloud_fraction_in_each_layer frozen cloud fraction in each layer [1]
  • liq_cloud_fraction_in_each_layer liquid cloud fraction in each layer [1]
  • qcf cloud water in air frozen [kg kg⁻¹]
  • qcl cloud water in air liquid [kg kg⁻¹]
  • supercooled_liq_water_content supercooled liq water content [kg/m³]
  • weight_Reff_2d_distrib weights reff 2d distribution [1]
  • weight_Reff_2d weights reff 2d distribution warm clouds [1]
  • cdnc_top_cloud_x_weight cloud droplet number concentration [m⁻³]
  • weight_of_cdnc_top_cloud cloud droplet number concentration at cloud top [m⁻³]
  • ls_lwp Large scale liquid water path [kg m⁻²]
  • ls_iwp Large scale ice water path [kg m⁻²]
  • conv_iwp Convective ice water path [kg m⁻²]
  • conv_lwp Convective liquid water path [kg m⁻²]
  • rho air density [kg m⁻³]
  • layer_thickness layer thickness [m]
• collocated_ds/NorESM
  • ABSVIS Aerosol absorptive optical depth at 0.442-0.625um [1]
  • ACTNL Average Cloud Top droplet number [cm⁻³] Must be divided by FCTL to get in-cloud
  • ACTREI Average Cloud Top ice effective radius [μm] Must be divided by FCTI to get in-cloud
  • ACTREL Average Cloud Top droplet effective radius [μm] Must be divided by FCTL to get in-cloud
  • AEROD_v Total Aerosol Optical Depth in visible band [1]
  • AREL Average droplet effective radius [μm] Must be divided by FREQL to get in-cloud value
  • ASYMMDRY Dry asymmetry factor in visible wavelength band [1]
  • AWNC Average cloud water number conc [cm⁻³] Must be divided by FREQL to get in-cloud value
  • AOD_VIS Aerosol optical depth at 0.442-0.625um [1]
  • BC_A BC_A concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_AC BC_AC concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_AI BC_AI concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_AX BC_AX concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_N BC_N concentration [kg/kg]
  • BC_NI BC_NI concentration [kg/kg]
  • BETOTVIS Aerosol 3d extinction at 0.442-0.625 [1/km]
  • BS550AER aerosol backscatter coefficient [m⁻¹ sr⁻¹]
  • CCN1 CCN concentration at S=0.02% [#/cm³]
  • CCN2 CCN concentration at S=0.05% [#/cm³]
  • CCN3 CCN concentration at S=0.1% [#/cm³]
  • CCN4 CCN concentration at S=0.15% [#/cm³]
  • CCN5 CCN concentration at S=0.2% [#/cm³]
  • CCN6 CCN concentration at S=0.5% [#/cm³]
  • CCN7 CCN concentration at S=1.0% [#/cm³]
  • CCN_B Average Cloud Top liquid CCN (Bennartz) [m⁻³]
  • CDNUMC Vertically-integrated droplet concentration [1/m²]
  • CLDFREE Cloud free fraction wrt CAODVIS and CABSVIS [1]
  • CLDTOT Vertically-integrated total cloud [fraction]
  • COAGNUCL Coagulation sink for nucleating particles [s⁻¹]
  • D500_BC BC aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_DU mineral aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_POM OC aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_SO4 SO4 aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • D500_SS sea-salt aerosol optical depth 500nm [1]
  • DAERH2O Aerosol water load [mg/m²]
  • DER Effective aerosol dry radius [μm]
  • DERGT05 Effective aerosol dry radius>0.5um [μm]
  • DERLT05 Effective aerosol dry radius<0.5um [μm]
  • DMS DMS concentration [mol/mol]
  • DOD440 Aerosol optical depth at 440nm [1]
  • DOD500 Aerosol optical depth at 500nm [1]
  • DOD550 Aerosol optical depth at 550nm [1]
  • DOD670 Aerosol optical depth at 670nm [1]
  • DOD870 Aerosol optical depth at 870nm [1]
  • DST_A2 DST_A2 concentration [kg/kg]
  • DST_A3 DST_A3 concentration [kg/kg]
  • EC550AER aerosol extinction coefficient [m⁻¹]
  • FCTI Fractional occurrence of cloud top ice [fraction]
  • FCTL Fractional occurrence of cloud top liquid [fraction]
  • FLNS Net longwave flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FLNSC Clearsky net longwave flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FLNT Net longwave flux at top of model [W/m²]
  • FLNTCDRF Clear sky total column longwave flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FLNT_DRF Total column longwave flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FLUS LW surface upwelling flux [W/m²]
  • FLUTC Clearsky upwelling longwave flux at top of model [W/m²]
  • FORMRATE Formation rate of 12nm particles [#/cm³/s]
  • FREQI Fractional occurrence of ice [fraction]
  • FREQL Fractional occurrence of liquid [fraction]
  • FSDSCDRF SW downwelling clear sky flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSDS_DRF SW downelling flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSNS Net solar flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSNSC Clearsky net solar flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSNT Net solar flux at top of model [W/m²]
  • FSNTCDRF Clear sky total column absorbed solar flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FSNT_DRF Total column absorbed solar flux (DIRind) [W/m²]
  • FSUS_DRF SW upwelling flux at surface [W/m²]
  • FSUTADRF SW upwelling flux at TOA [W/m²]
  • GR Growth rate, H2SO4+SOA [nm/hour]
  • GRH2SO4 Growth rate H2SO4 [nm/hour]
  • GRIDAREA Grid area for 1.9x2.5 horizontal resolution [m²]
  • GRSOA Growth rate from SOA nucleating particles [nm/hour]
  • H2SO4 H2SO4 concentration [mol/mol]
  • MMR_AH2O Aerosol water mmr [kg/kg]
  • NCONC01 number concentration mode 01 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC02 number concentration mode 02 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC03 number concentration mode 03 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC04 number concentration mode 04 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC05 number concentration mode 05 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC06 number concentration mode 06 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC07 number concentration mode 07 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC08 number concentration mode 08 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC09 number concentration mode 09 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC10 number concentration mode 10 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC11 number concentration mode 11 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC12 number concentration mode 12 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC13 number concentration mode 13 [#/cm³]
  • NCONC14 number concentration mode 14 [#/cm³]
  • NMR01 number median radius mode 01 [nm]
  • NMR02 number median radius mode 02 [nm]
  • NMR03 number median radius mode 03 [nm]
  • NMR04 number median radius mode 04 [nm]
  • NMR05 number median radius mode 05 [nm]
  • NMR06 number median radius mode 06 [nm]
  • NMR07 number median radius mode 07 [nm]
  • NMR08 number median radius mode 08 [nm]
  • NMR09 number median radius mode 09 [nm]
  • NMR10 number median radius mode 10 [nm]
  • NMR11 number median radius mode 11 [nm]
  • NMR12 number median radius mode 12 [nm]
  • NMR13 number median radius mode 13 [nm]
  • NMR14 number median radius mode 14 [nm]
  • NNAT_0 Aerosol mode 0 number concentration [1/cm³]
  • NUCLRATE Nucleation rate [#/cm³/s]
  • OD550DRY Dry aerosol optical depth at 550nm [1]
  • OM_AC OM_AC concentration [kg/kg]
  • OM_AI OM_AI concentration [kg/kg]
  • OM_NI OM_NI concentration [kg/kg]
  • P0 reference pressure [Pa]
  • PM25 Aerosol PM2.5 [ug/m³]
  • PM2P5 3D aerosol PM2.5 [ug/m³]
  • PMTOT Aerosol PM, all sizes [ug/m³]
  • PS Surface pressure [Pa]
  • RHW Relative humidity with respect to liquid [percent]
  • SFisoprene isoprene surface flux [kg/m²/s]
  • SFmonoterp monoterp surface flux [kg/m²/s]
  • SIGMA01 Std. dev. mode 01 [1]
  • SIGMA02 Std. dev. mode 02 [1]
  • SIGMA03 Std. dev. mode 03 [1]
  • SIGMA04 Std. dev. mode 04 [1]
  • SIGMA05 Std. dev. mode 05 [1]
  • SIGMA06 Std. dev. mode 06 [1]
  • SIGMA07 Std. dev. mode 07 [1]
  • SIGMA08 Std. dev. mode 08 [1]
  • SIGMA09 Std. dev. mode 09 [1]
  • SIGMA10 Std. dev. mode 10 [1]
  • SIGMA11 Std. dev. mode 11 [1]
  • SIGMA12 Std. dev. mode 12 [1]
  • SIGMA13 Std. dev. mode 13 [1]
  • SIGMA14 Std. dev. mode 14 [1]
  • SO2 SO2 concentration [mol/mol]
  • SO4_A1 SO4_A1 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_A2 SO4_A2 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_AC SO4_AC concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_NA SO4_NA concentration [kg/kg]
  • SO4_PR SO4_PR concentration [kg/kg]
  • SOA_A1 SOA_A1 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SOA_LV SOA_LV concentration [mol/mol]
  • SOA_NA SOA_NA concentration [kg/kg]
  • SOA_SV SOA_SV concentration [mol/mol]
  • SS_A1 SS_A1 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SS_A2 SS_A2 concentration [kg/kg]
  • SS_A3 SS_A3 concentration [kg/kg]
  • T Temperature [K]
  • TGCLDCWP Total grid-box cloud water path (liquid and ice) [kg/m²]
  • TGCLDIWP Total grid-box cloud ice water path [kg/m²]
  • TGCLDLWP Total grid-box cloud liquid water path [kg/m²]
  • TOT_CLD_VISTAU Total gbx cloud extinction visible sw optical depth [1]
  • TOT_ICLD_VISTAU Total in-cloud extinction visible sw optical depth [1]
  • U Zonal wind [m/s]
  • V Meridional wind [m/s]
  • datesec current seconds of current date [1]
  • gw latitude weights [1]
  • hyai hybrid A coefficient at layer interfaces [1]
  • hyam hybrid A coefficient at layer midpoints [1]
  • hybi hybrid B coefficient at layer interfaces [1]
  • hybm hybrid B coefficient at layer midpoints [1]
  • isoprene isoprene concentration [mol/mol]
  • monoterp monoterp concentration [mol/mol]
• collocated_ds/ECHAM-SALSA
  • apm Air pressure at mid-layer [Pa]
  • geom geopotential height [m³ s⁻²]
  • airdens air density [kg m⁻³]
  • tempair air temperature [K]
  • uw eastward wind [m s⁻¹]
  • vw northward wind [m s⁻¹]
  • ccn02 CCN 0.2 percent super saturation [m⁻³]
  • ccn10 CCN 1.0 percent super saturation [m⁻³]
  • cod cloud optical thickness [1]
  • cwp cloud liquid water path [kg m⁻²]
  • ceff in-cloud droplet effective radius [m]
  • ceff_ct cloud droplet effective radius cloud top [μm]
  • lcdnc Liquid cloud droplet number concentration [m⁻³]
  • lcdnc_ct Liquid cloud droplet number concentration cloud top [cm⁻³]
  • clfr cloud fraction [1]
  • cl_time cloud time [1]
  • aot550nm AOT total 550 nm [1]
  • aot865nm AOT total 865 nm [1]
  • ang550865 Angstroem parameter between 550 and 865 nm [1]
  • up_sw TOA upward shortwave flux [W m⁻²]
  • up_sw_cs TOA upward shortwave flux clear sky [W m⁻²]
  • up_sw_noa TOA upward shortwave flux no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • up_sw_cs_noa TOA upward shortwave flux clear sky no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw TOA upward longwave flux [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw_cs TOA upward longwave flux clear sky [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw_noa TOA upward longwave flux no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • up_lw_cs_noa TOA upward longwave flux clear sky no aerosols [W m⁻²]
  • mmrtrN500 number mixing ratio of N500 [kg⁻¹]
  • mmrtrN250 number mixing ratio of N250 [kg⁻¹]
  • mmrtrN200 number mixing ratio of N200 [kg⁻¹]
  • mmrtrN100 number mixing ratio of N100 [kg⁻¹]
  • mmrtrN50 number mixing ratio of N50 [kg⁻¹]
  • mmrtrN3 number mixing ratio of N3 [kg⁻¹]
  • oh_con OH concentration gas phase [cm⁻³]
  • emi_monot_bio Emissions of biogenic monoterpenes [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
  • emi_isop_bio Emissions of biogenic isoprene [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
  • SO2_gas SO2 mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • APIN_gas A-pinene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • TBETAOCI_gas T-beta-ocimene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • BPIN_gas B-pinene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • LIMON_gas Limonene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • SABIN_gas Sabinene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • MYRC_gas Myrcene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • CARENE3_gas 3-carene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • ISOP_gas Isoprene mass mixing ratio – gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • VBS0_gas Volatility Basis set C*=0 mass mixing ratio - gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • VBS1_gas Volatility Basis set C*=1 mass mixing ratio - gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • VBS10_gas Volatility Basis Set C*=10 mass mixing ratio - gas [kg kg⁻¹]
  • ORG_mass Total organic aerosol mass mixing ratio [kg kg⁻¹]
• collocated_ds/EC-Earth
  • emiterp Emissions monoterpene [kg/s/m²]
  • emiisop Emissions isoprene [kg/s/m²]
  • loadsoa Column burden SOA [kg m⁻²]
  • od350aer Aerosol optical depth 350 [1]
  • od440aer Aerosol optical depth 440 [1]
  • od550aer Aerosol optical depth 550 [1]
  • od550oa OA optical depth 550 [1]
  • od550soa SOA optical depth 550 [1]
  • od870aer Aerosol optical depth 870 [1]
  • N_NUS Number concentration mode NUS [1 m⁻³]
  • N_AIS Number concentration mode AIS [1 m⁻³]
  • N_ACS Number concentration mode ACS [1 m⁻³]
  • N_COS Number concentration mode COS [1 m⁻³]
  • N_AII Number concentration mode AII [1 m⁻³]
  • N_ACI Number concentration mode ACI [1 m⁻³]
  • N_COI Number concentration mode COI [1 m⁻³]
  • RWET_NUS Wet radius mode NUS [m]
  • RWET_AIS Wet radius mode AIS [m]
  • RWET_ACS Wet radius mode ACS [m]
  • RWET_COS Wet radius mode COS [m]
  • RWET_ACI Wet radius mode ACI [m]
  • RWET_COI Wet radius mode COI [m]
  • RWET_AII Wet radius mode AII [m]
  • RDRY_NUS Dry radius mode NUS [m]
  • RDRY_AIS Dry radius mode AIS [m]
  • RDRY_ACS Dry radius mode ACS [m]
  • RDRY_COS Dry radius mode COS [m]
  • CCN0.20 CCN concentration at SS 0.20 perc [cm⁻³]
  • CCN1.00 CCN concentration at SS 1.00 perc [cm⁻³]
  • var130 Temperature [K]
  • var176 Surface net solar radiation [J m⁻²]
  • var177 Surface net thermal radiation [J m⁻²]
  • #var208 Top net solar radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • #var209 Top net thermal radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • var210 Surface net solar radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • var211 Surface net thermal radiation, clear sky [J m⁻²]
  • var70 Surface net solar radiation, clear sky, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var71 Surface net solar radiation, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var74 Surface net thermal radiation, clear sky, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • var75 Surface net thermal radiation, clean sky [J m⁻²]
  • M_BCACS mass of BC in ACS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_BCAII mass of BC in AII mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_BCAIS mass of BC in AIS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_BCCOS mass of BC in COS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_DUACI mass of DU in ACI mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_DUACS mass of DU in ACS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_DUCOI mass of DU in COI mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_DUCOS mass of DU in COS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_POMACS mass of PO in MACS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_POMAII mass of PO in MAII mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_POMAIS mass of PO in MAIS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_POMCOS mass of PO in MCOS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SO4ACS mass of SO in 4ACS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SO4COS mass of SO in 4COS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SO4NUS mass of SO in 4NUS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SOAACS mass of SO in AACS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SOAAII mass of SO in AAII mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SOAAIS mass of SO in AAIS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SOACOS mass of SO in ACOS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SOANUS mass of SO in ANUS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SSACS mass of SS in ACS mode [kg m⁻³]
  • M_SSCOS mass of SS in COS mode [kg m⁻³]
• collocated_ds/UKESM
  • Mass_Conc_OM_NS mass concentration organic aerosol mode NS [kg m⁻³]
  • Mass_Conc_OM_KS mass concentration organic aerosol mode KS [kg m⁻³]
  • Mass_Conc_OM_KI mass concentration organic aerosol mode KI [kg m⁻³]
  • Mass_Conc_OM_AS mass concentration organic aerosol mode AS [kg m⁻³]
  • Mass_Conc_OM_CS mass concentration organic aerosol mode CS [kg m⁻³]
  • mmrtr_OM_NS mass mixing ratio organic aerosol in mode NS [mmr]
  • mmrtr_OM_KS mass mixing ratio organic aerosol in mode KS [mmr]
  • mmrtr_OM_KI mass mixing ratio organic aerosol in mode KI [mmr]
  • mmrtr_OM_AS mass mixing ratio organic aerosol in mode AS [mmr]
  • mmrtr_OM_CS mass mixing ratio organic aerosol in mode CS [mmr]
  • nconcNS number concentration in mode NS [m⁻³]
  • nconcKS number concentration in mode KS [m⁻³]
  • nconcKI number concentration in mode KI [m⁻³]
  • nconcAS number concentration in mode AS [m⁻³]
  • nconcCS number concentration in mode CS [m⁻³]
  • ddryNS dry diameter mode NS [m]
  • ddryKS dry diameter mode KS [m]
  • ddryKI dry diameter mode KI [m]
  • ddryAS dry diameter mode AS [m]
  • ddryCS dry diameter mode CS [m]
  • Temp Temperature [K]
  • SFisoprene Emissions isoprene [kg m⁻² s⁻¹]
• NorESM_clm
  • PCT_NAT_PFT % of each PFT on the natural vegetation (i.e., soil) landunit [%]
  • PCT_LANDUNIT % of each landunit on grid cell [%]
  • PCT_CFT % of each crop on the crop landunit [%]
  • PFT_FIRE_CLOSS total patch-level fire C loss for non-peat fires outside land-type converted region [gC/m²/s]
  • PFT_FIRE_NLOSS total patch-level fire N loss [gN/m²/s]
  • TLAI total projected leaf area index [m²/m²]
  • LAISUN sunlit projected leaf area index [m²/m²]
  • LAISHA shaded projected leaf area index [m²/m²]
  • ELAI exposed one-sided leaf area index [m²/m²]
  • MEG_limonene MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_sabinene MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_pinene_b MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_pinene_a MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_ocimene_t_b MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_myrcene MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_isoprene MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • MEG_carene_3 MEGAN flux [kg/m²/sec]
  • H2OSOI volumetric soil water (vegetated landunits only) [mm³/mm³]
  • QSOIL Ground evaporation (soil/snow evaporation + soil/snow sublimation - dew) [mm/s]
  • SOILLIQ soil liquid water (vegetated landunits only) [kg/m²]
  • SOILRESIS soil resistance to evaporation [s/m]
  • TOTSOILLIQ vertically summed soil liquid water (veg landunits only) [kg/m²]

Please see python code in https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10401381 for variable information and how the data was used in a publication.

[start] and [stop]

The dates in the time period is specified as YYYY-mm-dd.

• 2012-01-01 – 2015-01-01
• 2012-01-01 – 2019-01-01
• 2015-01-01 – 2019-01-01

[west], [east], [south] and [north]

The coordinates used in the filenames are as following.

• SMEAR-II: longitude 22.0° – 30.0° E and latitude 60.0° – 66.0° N → 22.0-30.0_60.0-66.0
• ATTO: longitude 293.0° – 308.0° E and latitude 8.0° – 1.0° S → 293.0-308.0_-8.0--1.0

Coordinates are in latitude, longitude with a gaussian grid, and native model vertical coordinates.

Comments

The models used to generate the data are the following:

• EC-Earth3.3.4-AERCHEM van Noije, T. et al. (2021)
• ECHAM-SALSA Kokkola, H. et al. (2018)
• UKESM1 Sellar, A. A. et al. (2019)
• NorESM2 Seland, Ø. et al. (2020)

The simulations were performed by the following:

• NorESM: Sara Blichner
• UKESM: Emanuele Tovazzi
• EC-Earth: Carl Svenhag
• ECHAM-SALSA: Eemeli Holopainen

Version history

Version 2

Due to a postprocessing error, the particle number concentrations in UKESM have been mistakenly multiplied by a factor of three. To get the correct numbers, these should therefore be divided by 3. This is true for the following UKESM varables:

• nconcNS
• nconcKS
• nconcKI
• nconcAS
• nconcCS

Version 1

Initial release.