Particle flux-gradient relationships for the expedition ARTofMELT, Arctic Ocean, 2023
Theresa Mathes, Andreas Held
In spring 2023, near-surface particle and heat fluxes were measured using the gradient method during the ARTofMELT Arctic Ocean Expedition aboard the icebreaker Oden. The gradient system was used to measure the number of particles, temperature and wind speed at five different heights close to the surface.
We divided the surface conditions into three categories: open water, open lead and closed ice. To measure the concentration of particles near the surface, we used a 1.50 m high linear actuator with a sensor board. The sensor board included a temperature sensor, a hot wire anemometer, an inlet connected to a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a distance sensor. The gradient system was set up to approach six different height levels in sequence. The distance to the surface from the inlet varied depending on the height level, with measurements taken at 5 cm, 10 cm, 17 cm, 32 cm, 67 cm and 129 cm.
We calculated the sensible heat flux (HF) and the particle flux (PF) based on the flux-gradient relationships method. Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to estimate the uncertainty of the flux estimate due to the error of the measuring instruments.
AtmosphereAerosolsParticle fluxAerosol fluxHigh ArcticARTofMELTARTofMELT 2023 expeditionIcebreaker OdenArcticArctic Ocean
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Citation
References
Mathes T, Guy H, Prytherch, J, Kojoj J, Brooks I, Murto S, Zieger P, Wehner B, Tjernström M, and Held A (2025a) Particle flux-gradient relationships in the high Arctic: Emission and deposition patterns across three surface types. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 25:8455-8474 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8455-2025
Mathes T, Held A (2025b) Gradient system processed data from the expedition ARTofMELT, Arctic Ocean, 2023 [dataset]. PANGAEA. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.974993
Mathes T, Held A (2025c) Particle flux data from the expedition ARTofMELT, Arctic Ocean, 2023 [dataset]. PANGAEA. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.975228
Data description
This dataset consists of the two tab files, which contain tab-delimited text and can be opened with a text editor:
01_ARTofMELT_gradient_system_processed.tabfrom Mathes & Held (2025b)02_ARTofMELT_flux.tabfrom Mathes & Held (2025c)
The file 01_ARTofMELT_gradient_system_processed.tab contains data for the following variables:
Date/TimeUTC in YYYY-MM-DD-HH-MM-SS format.Latitude (ship position)in decimal format.Longitude (ship position)in decimal format.Height (m)sensor height above surface in meters.CP_conc (#/cm³)particle concentration per cubic centimeter.ffwind speed in meters per second, measured with hot wire anemometer.TTT (°C)temperature at the sensor board, measured with hot wire anemometer.TTT (°C)temperature at the sensor board, measured with precision resistance thermometer.TTT (°C)temperature at 8 cm, measured with precision resistance thermometer.TTT (°C)temperature at 90 cm, measured with precision resistance thermometer.TTT (°C)temperature at 120 cm, measured with precision resistance thermometer.RelWindDirwind direction relative to the sensor board in degrees.ffwind speed in meters per second, measured with sonic anemometer.
The file 02_ARTofMELT_flux.tab contains data for the following variables:
Date/TimeUTC in YYYY-MM-DD-HH-MM-SS format.Latitude (ship position)in decimal format.Longitude (ship position)in decimal format.Typesea surface type. Values are:widelead(extensive open water surface),narrowlead(open water within leads within packice) andclosedice(smooth snow-covered ice surfaces without ridges or melt ponds).u* (m/s)friction velocity in meters per second.CP_conc (#/cm³)particle count per cubic centimeter.PF (10⁶ #/m²/s)particle flux.PF e (±)maximum particle flux error.Depos vel (cm/s)deposition velocity in centimeters per second.TTT (°C)mean air temperature at the sensor board, measured with hot wire anemometer.Qh (W/m²)sensible heat flux in Watt per square meter.Qh e (±)sensible heat flux, maximum error.ff (m/s)mean wind speed, measured at sensor board.RelWindDir (deg)mean wind direction relative to the sensor board in degrees.z/LObukhov stability parameter.z0 (mm)surface roughness length in millimeters.
More information can be found in Mathes & Held (2025c)
Project
ARTofMELT expedition in spring 2023. The project ARTofMELT was funded by the Swedish Research Council (VR: 2022-03052). This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – HE5214/10- 1, HE5214/11-1 and WE 2757/6-1.
Publisher
PANGAEA
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
First name
Theresa
Last name or organisation
Mathes
Email address
Address
Dept. of Environmental Chemistry and Air Research; Technical University Berlin
Postal code
DE-10623
City
Berlin
Country
Germany
GCMD science keyword
Earth science > Atmosphere > Aerosols
GCMD location
Ocean > Arctic Ocean
Dataset language
English
Begin date
2023-05-17
End date
2023-06-10