Stockholm Historical Weather Observations

Air temperature

The daily air temperature observations are thoroughly investigated. Thermometers used have always been calibrated in degree Celsius (°C), but several factors that influence the observed temperatures have changed over time. Important such factors are: the time points when the temperature was observed, the position of the thermometer, the protection of the thermometer against radiation from direct sunlight and from the surroundings and influence from the growing city (the urban heat island). Corrections for such changes have been made as far as possible and the observations have been used to develop homogenized records of daily and monthly mean temperatures back to 1756.

Download data

• Homogenized monthly mean temperatures
• Homogenized daily mean temperatures
• Raw individual temperature observations
• Information about the time points when the observations were made
• Observational data from 1961 onwards belong to the SMHI, from which the original data can be obtained
• Graphical presentations of daily mean temperatures for each year

Publications

Detailed discussions of how the temperature observations have been made and how the homogenized series were developed are provided in the following publications.

• Moberg A, Bergström H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Daily air temperature and pressure series for Stockholm (1756-1998). Climatic Change 53: 171-212
• Moberg A, Bergström H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Erratum. Climatic Change 54: 249-250
• Moberg A, Alexandersson H, Bergström H, Jones PD. 2003: Were Southern Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured? Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1495-1521